Indeed, the vestibular system is fundamental to how we perceive ourselves within 3D space 8. This evolutionarily ancient sense is comprised of the vestibular system and is essential for providing a gravitational frame of reference for many biological processes (including postural behavior 1, 2, 3, 4, gaze stabilization, for a review see 5 and cognitive functions 4 see also 6, 7.

Our sense of equilibrioception (balance and 3D spatial orientation) is among the most central of our sensory systems, particularly in the evolution of human positional behavior. Our results visualize this structural relationship, offering new avenues into vestibular biomechanical modeling and assessing the evolution of the human balance system. These data provide the first evidence that external structure of the human otolith system is directly related to internal anatomy, suggesting a basic biological relationship.

Results demonstrate significant associations between bony and membranous tissues of the otolith system. Our approach serves two aims: (1) test the hypothesis that bony form covaries with internal membranous anatomy and (2) create a 3D morphometric model visualizing bony and membranous structure. This study combines spherical harmonic modeling and landmark-based shape analyses to model the configuration of the human otolith system. This limits our understanding of vestibular functional morphology. In contrast to considerable study of the canals, relationships between external bone and internal membranous otolith organs (otolith system) remain largely unexplored. Reconstructing vestibular evolution in the human lineage, however, is problematic. The peripheral vestibular system (PVS) comprises the organs responsible for this sense the semicircular canals (detecting angular acceleration) and otolith organs (utricle and saccule detecting linear acceleration, vibration, and head tilt). Our sense of balance is among the most central of our sensory systems, particularly in the evolution of human positional behavior.

Hard surface modeling zbrush 2020